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The Polytechnic Museum ((ロシア語:Политехнический музей)) is one of the oldest science museums in the world, located in Moscow that emphasizes the progress of Russian and Soviet technology and science, as well as modern inventions and developments. It was founded in 1872 after the first All-Russian Technical Exhibition on the bicentennial anniversary of the birth of Peter the Great at the initiative of the Society of Devotees of Natural Science, Anthropology, and Ethnography.〔Polytechnic Museum, (History )〕 The first stage of the museum was designed by Ippolit Monighetti and completed in 1877.〔 Almost from the beginning, the collection was too big for the space. The north wing was added in 1896 and the south wing in 1907. At present the main building of the museum (Novaya sq., 3/4) is closed for reconstruction. The opening of the renovated museum in this building is scheduled for 2018. From 2013 and for the whole period of renovation the museum will work in partnership venues in Moscow. It is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata of the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items in 65 halls including, chemistry, mining, metallurgy, transport, energy, optics, automation, computer engineering, radio electronics, communications, and space exploration. Highlights include the first achromatic telescope; an early solar microscope, created by German anatomists Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn; an early seismograph created by Boris Borisovich Galitzine; galvanoplastics by Moritz von Jacobi; and early electric lights by Pavel Yablochkov.〔Polytechnical museum, (The Museum Collections )〕 The automobile exhibit includes a Russo-Balt K12/20 and a GAZ-M20 Pobeda. == History == The Society of Devotees of Natural Science was formed in Moscow in 1863. The society's first President was Gregory Ephimovich Shchurovsky and he together with other leading members of the society discussed having a museum. There first move in this direction was to establish a library this held books documenting the history of science and technology. This became the Central Polytechnic Library but this established their ambitions. In 1871 Moscow council set aside half a million roubles to create a museum. A committee was formed with Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich as honorary chair. THe formation of a museum was timely as Peter the Great's 200th anniversary would inspire the All-Russian Technical Exhibition that would be used to launch the new museum.〔(The Polytechnical Museum opened in Moscow ), Presidential Library, Retrieved 17 November 2015〕 The exhibits at the Exhibition were dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of Peter the Great. *The museum building in Novaya square in Moscow is a unique architectural monument, built specially for the museum by famous Russian architects Ippolit Monighetti, Alexander Kaminsky, August Weber. *museum of Applied Knowledge is the original purpose of the museum. The first display consisted of 9 departments closely related to applied sciences (physics, chemistry, architecture and others) *THE AMPHITEATRE (aka Big Lectures Hall) is an important Moscow public site located in the museum building. Its opening in 1907 has enabled public demonstrations of scientific experiments, as well as lectures, debates, literary evenings, conferences. Niels Bohr, Élie Metchnikoff, Kliment Timiryazev, Alexander Blok, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Bulat Okudzhava and many other prominent figures of science and culture gave their speeches and lectures. *During the First World War the museum was used as a hospital for the wounded people. It had a radiological office that was used by all Moscow medical facilities. After 1917 it hosted political rallies and meetings with the participation of Vladimir Lenin, Felix Dzerzhinsky. *In July 1919 the museum was renamed as the Central Institute of polytechnic knowledge. The main focus of its work was research, dissemination of scientific knowledge in the field of natural sciences, mathematics, technology and the economy. It was also supposed to acquaint the public with discoveries and inventions in these areas of knowledge. *In the 1929-1930-s the whole display of the museum was distributed between three new sectors: general, industrial and agricultural; the museum laboratories lost their scientific and research meaning and became centers for advanced training of workers. *The key point in the history of the museum was the All-Union Exhibition "Our Achievements" in 1934 that was opened in the honor of the XVII Congress of the CPSU(b). The exhibition was a huge demonstration if the victories of socialist industry during Stalin's first five-year plan. After the reorganization in 1935 the exhibition "Our Achievements" became the basis of a new exhibition in the museum that underwent radical reorganization for this purpose. Permanent exhibits were split up into divisions reflecting the development of major industries in the country: energy, fuel industry, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, agriculture, textile and light industry, etc. *Knowledge for the people! 1947 - museum falls under the control of "Znanie" society and the mission of education and dissemination of scientific and political knowledge comes to the fore. *Science and Technology museum. In the 1980-s the museum becomes the main museum of the Soviet Union that stores and displays in the history of Soviet science and technology. *Polytechnic Museum today has a unique collection of exhibits - its funds consist of more than 200,000 items. The museum has about 150 thematic collections. *Polytechnic Museum is also the founder of the Association of scientific and technical museums in Russia, along with the Central museum of Railway Transport of the Russian Federation, the A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications and "Museum world" magazine. The Polytechnic Museum is a scientific, organizational and methodological center of the Association of scientific and technical museums in Russia. *Polytechnic Library was founded in 1862 and is a part of the Polytechnic Museum. The library keeps more than 3.5 million books in various fields of science and technology, including rare instances of bibliography dated back to 16th to 18th centuries. *Start of modernization. In April 2010 the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev instructed the Russian government to develop the concept of a museum of Science on the basis of the Polytechnic Museum. *Reconstruction of the historical building. In 2013, the historical building of the museum was closed for renovation. The display of the museum and its collections were moved to a temporary site in Moscow. In 2018 the Polytechnic Museum will be reopened for visitors in a renovated historic building. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polytechnic Museum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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